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- WORLD, Page 31POLANDLiving with Shock Therapy
-
-
- Soviets, take note: the Poles discover that patience must not
- be in short supply if economic reforms are to succeed
-
- By JOHN BORRELL/WARSAW
-
-
- Just after noon each day, Henryka Ptasinska, 33, collects
- meals for herself and her six children from the soup kitchen
- at 10 Inwalidow Square in the leafy Warsaw suburb of Zoliborz.
- She is one of 250 regulars at the serving hatch in the
- white-tiled kitchen, opened to alleviate some of the pain
- produced by Poland's forced march from a centrally planned
- communist system to a free-market society. Her lunchtime
- routine shows that the success of that transformation still
- hangs in the balance.
-
- As Mikhail Gorbachev prepares to embark on his latest plan
- to save the Soviet economy, he has expressly ruled out the
- shock therapy administered by Polish leaders last January when
- they abolished subsidies and price controls. By far the boldest
- approach to economic reform anywhere in Eastern Europe,
- Poland's policies have created hard times for many of the
- country's 40 million citizens. Unemployment, virtually unknown
- under the Communists, has climbed to 400,000. Rising prices and
- tight curbs on wages have sliced the purchasing power of some
- families as much as 40%. For the first time people can
- remember, farmers and factories cannot sell everything they
- produce.
-
- Ironically, these somber facts may be indicative of success
- more than failure. Inflation, which reached 54% last October,
- sank to 6% in April. Absenteeism in industry has been halved
- during the past five months, as layoffs have increased. Food
- shortages seem a thing of the past. Shop shelves are full, and
- traders crowd pavements offering everything from bread to
- bananas.
-
- Even soup kitchens are as much a safety net as a final
- refuge for the down-and-out. Ptasinska, for example, has just
- borrowed nearly $1,000 from a privately financed special fund
- to set up a small business ironing sheets for hospitals and
- other institutions. She is counting on earning $300 in a good
- month, enough to make repayments and help support her family.
-
-
- But recent strikes by shipyard and railroad workers for
- higher pay and improved conditions suggest that patience may
- be wearing out. "People have been amazingly tolerant so far,"
- says Professor Adam Bromke of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
- "But they are feeling the pinch, and there are many dangers
- ahead."
-
- One hazard is that less than half the 320,000 people who
- graduate from high school or university next month are likely
- to find jobs. This could be political dynamite. "We don't like
- to think of the consequences of 160,000 young people on the
- loose this autumn," admitted an official.
-
- Another problem is that the privatization of Poland's vast
- state-owned sector, much of it antiquated and unprofitable, is
- proving much more difficult than most economists imagined. When
- shares in a profitable import-export company were offered to
- the public recently, only 20% were purchased. A parliamentary
- committee is studying other ways of unloading state-owned
- companies, including a novel plan first discussed in
- Czechoslovakia that would create a capital market by giving
- shares to each citizen. The shares could later be traded on a
- stock exchange. "We have to remember that society has been
- pauperized," says Andrzej Bratkowski, a parliamentary Deputy.
- "There is just no money around to buy out the state."
-
- The roller coaster ride into the future could turn even more
- stomach churning if the split within Solidarity itself
- precipitates a political crisis. Trade-union leader Lech
- Walesa, who has made no secret of his presidential ambitions,
- has been pushing for elections even earlier than next year,
- which is when the government proposes they be held. But Prime
- Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki opposes moving up the date, arguing
- that a campaign now would distract attention from economic
- reforms.
-
- Walesa, trailing both Mazowiecki and General Wojciech
- Jaruzelski in polls on who would best serve the country as
- President, stepped in last week and ended a rail strike in
- northwestern Poland. In doing so, he reasserted his claim to
- a pivotal political role and underscored the vulnerability not
- only of the Mazowiecki government but also of the country's
- hard-won economic reforms. For Mazowiecki, keeping Walesa's
- support may be almost as important as making sure that Poles do
- not run out of that most important of commodities: patience.
-
-
- ____________________________________________________________
- GETTING LESS FOR THEIR MONEY [Average prices and percent
- increase.]
- % Dec. '89 May '90
- Increase
-
- Wages (Monthly) $65 $77 (April) 18%
- Refrigerator $122 $211 73%
- Gasoline (Per liter) $.13 $.25 92%
- Rent (Monthly, in Warsaw) $53 $105 98%
- Pork (One kilogram) $1.55 $3.68 137%
- Bread (One loaf) $.10 $.24 140%
- Men's Shoes $10.53 $26.32 150%
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